Chapter 5, 6

Chapter 5, 6

Microbio – growth and nutrition

 
 

Classified by nutrition modes. Gather food by endocytosis (eukaryotes) and membrane carrier proteins.

 
 

Macronutrients 10

 
 

makes lipids, nucleic acid, amino acids, and carbohydrates (macromolecules)

CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, SULFUR

exist mainly as cations

POTASSIUM (K), CALCIUM for heat resistance, MAGNESIUM ribosome stability, cofactor, and ATP complexes, IRON cofactorand part of electron carrying enzymes (think mitochondria)

 
 

Micronutrients trace amounts

manganese, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, and copper SODIUM if found in seawater usually

 
 

The more reduced a molecule is, the more energy it contains, thus lipids > carbs. Thus carbon sources usually also provide energy, Oxygen and Hydrogen and is required as the backbone of all organic molecules

CO2 is oxidized? As opposed to reduced like ch2o

 
 

Actinomycetes can degrade amyl alcohol, paraffin, and rubber

 
 

electron sources

lithotrophs get their electrons from reduced non-organic compounds

organotrophs get theirs from organic compounds

 
 

algae get their e- from water, and release o2, green/purple sulfur bact. Get e- from H, H2S, and Sulfur

ALL PATHOGENS ARE CHEMOORGANOHETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPH

Chemolithotrophs are responsible for NH3 → NO3 or S → SO3

PIT SYSTEM, PST [ PHOSPHATE SPECIFIC TRANSPORT ] ABC Transporter

growth factors – any essential organic compound which cannot be synthesized by the organism

amino acids, vitamins (part or whole cofactors), pyramidines/purines

assay- quantitative analysis of a substance...

NUTRIENT UPTAKE

Passive diffusion – h2o, o2, co2, glycerol

Facilitated diffusion by permeases (carrier integral proteins)

MIP major intrinsic protein, transmembrane proteins grouped based on their amino?sequence.

Aquaporins & glycerol facilitators (more prominent in euk)

Active Transport

abc transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter – Nucleotides domains across the membrane (periplasm or membrane lipid for -/+ bacteria) – Solute binding transporters

symport linked transport of two substances at once.

Proton & Sodium gradient Protons are pumped outside of the cell (uses atp), Na+ is expulsed which comes back to the carrier protein complex and changes its conformation. This new conformation binds the solute, which again changes the conformation and both are released into the cell. Group Translocation – molecule is chemically altered while being taken in [active transport] PTS - phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system

siderophores form complexes with iron molecules for transport inside of cell [abc trans]

Synthetic/Defined Media When all the mediums' components are known

Differential Media used to differentiate between groups of bacteria

Complex Media Some ingredients chemical composition is unknown

Peptones protein hydrolysates prepared by partial proteolic digestion of meat casein

colony – macroscopically visible growth cluster of microorganism

spread plate technique – each colony represents a pure culture

streat & pour plate techniques

antiport transfer used to correct small changes in internal pH

phosphate group transfer potential – ATP's suitability comes from the fact that the moelecule breaks down to ADP very readily, and nothing to do with the bonds energy itself.

Catalysts are substances which speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or permanently altered, such as enzymes which are protein catalysts. Some are pure proteins while others have protein and non-protein components (apoenzyme & cofactor respectively)