Prokaryotic structure

inclusion bodies - includes ribosomes - granules of in/organic material lying in the cytoplasmic matrix

amphipathic - lipid bilayer - polar & non-polar ends - hydrophobic/phyllic regions

hopanoids - sterol-like substance (pentacyclic - 5 carbon chain) helps stabilize the plasma membrane

fluid mosaic model - includes integral proteins (2/3rd of membrane proteins & usually insoluble - amphipathic) and peripheral proteins, which are easily removed. Oligosaccharides (carbs) are attached to the ends of most integral proteins, possible for cell-cell recognition, chemotaxis, & active transport in and out of the cell

mesosomes - invagination of the plasma membrane, usually found near the septa in dividing bacteria, mostly in G+ bacteria. Could be involved in cell wall formation

protoplast = cytoplasm + plasma membrane

inclusion bodies
inorganic

polyphosphate/volutin granules store phosphate as orthophosphates (PO4 -3 if it loses all 3 Hydrogens) w/ ester groups

organic inclusion body

gas vacuole found in many cyanobacteria, stores gases to make the organism float so that it can get light

ESTER LINKAGE - When a Carboxyl Acid (group) reacts with a Hydroxyl group (Alcohol) the H in the hydroxyl group combines with HO from the carboxyl group to make water. This is a dehydration(or condensation) reaction. The opposite occurs when an ester bond reacts with an acid or base in an aqueous solution. This is called hydrolysis.

ETHER BONDS - are when two hydrocarbon chains are bonded to one oxygen. This happens when

nucleoid region where the dna is in prokaryotes. most have single circle of double stranded dna, some have a linear dna chromosome, while very few have more than 1 chromosome (use feulgen stain for nucleoid). nucleoid isn't compact and may project in the cytoplasm during active growth

plasmids circular double stranded dna independent of the nucleoid

Gram+ are stronger, more often pathogenic. cell membrane>periplasmic space(periplasm)>PG

peptidase - enzyme which catalyzes peptides into amino acids

teichoic acid polymers of glycerol or ribitol (carbs) joined by phosphate grp. If attached to membrane lipids (through periplasmic space) they're called lipotechoic acids